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Indian Muslims and Kashmir

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#1 [Permalink] Posted on 17th June 2020 07:10
This is a set of unrolled tweets by The White Wolf @maq_one about why Indian Muslims are not vocal about Kashmir. I have to agree with what the author says.

Quote:
I wanted to confront an uncomfortable question: Why Indian Muslims of the mainland don't speak up for Kashmiris?

Some of us do. Most don't. And I recognise that Kashmiris are comparatively forthcoming to mainland Muslims.

I want to break down as to why this is in a thread.

1) Firstly, most Indian Muslims are not politicised, only a tiny minority is. Most of our community members are not financially well off and lack the knowledge of conflicts such as the ones in Kashmir, north east, Dandakaranya etc.

Kashmiris on the other hand, were politicised over three generations, thanks in great part a movement that started in earnest in the 1930s.

2) Most politicised Indian Muslims get their news on Kashmir from biased, if not propagandist Indian news channels that function like instrumentalities of the state. Thanks to this, a lot of them view Kashmir from the prism of a foreign backed insurgency, rather than a fight for self determination.

I have myself, tried unsuccessfully to educate and sensitise many of them on the issue. Alas, they have been brainwashed by Indian statist propaganda in news media and popular culture which has convinced them that their country is in the right, even when they use overt anti-Muslim bigotry to justify their occupation of Kashmir.

However, some of us do read up on Kashmir, many a time, writings of Kashmiris themselves and emerge sensitised and educated. However, it is still too few of us.

3) Even the politicised Indian Muslims who do sympathise with Kashmiris are fearful of speaking out in public. Kashmir is the biggest irritant to this stridently majoritarian state and society. So, mainland Muslims keep silent on the issue to protect themselves insulated from othering at schools and workplaces and frankly, police action. Indian police hands out sedition charges like its candy.

I have personally asked by my father to not speak on Kashmir and especially avoid voicing support for Kashmiri self determination. I haven't been listening to him, of course. Even so, it allows one to gauge what the situation is like.

If some Muslims from the mainland have been insensitive to you, then we're sorry about that but know that things aren't as simple as they seem. My interactions with Kashmiris in real life have been less political, strangely. On social media, however, my interactions with Kashmiris are almost entirely political. Many a time, they express dissapointment with Indian Muslims. Much of it is justified but please try to understand us and not generalise.

4) Studies have shown that Indian Muslims are slowly and steadily getting more politicised and assertive. The more they learn, the more likely they are to speak up for Kashmiris. I know that I and several other Muslim handles on here do.

5) We are more than happy to answer to Kashmiris over this issue but we can hardly be judged by the likes of Pakistani nationalists. Some of the latter are sensible, others are not. This lot while sitting comfortably in a Muslim-majority country judge Indian Muslims, who are a minority in a hostile majoritarian nation. Some of them even heap vile abuse on us, tell us we deserve to be brutalised by Hindutvawadis and the state because we "don't support Kashmiris". The poor Muslims who are massacred in slums don't even know what the Kashmir issue is.

6) Lastly, I would like to once again point out that Kashmiris are indeed more forthcoming to Indian Muslims than we have been to them.

They are quick to articulate their moral support for Muslims of the mainland. They even made Urdu the language of their revolution.
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#2 [Permalink] Posted on 17th June 2020 07:30
The same author has another set of tweets about the history of Kashmir. I was not aware of most of this.

Quote:

I'm finally doing a thread on the dispute concerning Jammu and Kashmir. So, here it is.

Firstly, a little background. Buddhism and then animism flourished in the region.

Later, a revered Sufi saint named Bulbul Shah (rh) popularised Islam in the region.

The Tibetan-Buddhist king of the region, Rinchana embraced Islam and so did his aides. The ruling class becoming Muslim affected the masses and many in the region followed suit.

The region gradually became Muslim-majority. The rule of the last native king of Kashmir ended in the mid-16th century. Kashmiri nationalists see this as defeat of the indigenous people because from there on in, foreign rulers reigned in the region.

The most important development concerning the region came in 1846 when the colonial British conquered the region. However, the British did not want to govern Kashmir directly since it was an agriculturally rich region like Punjab, which would pay a huge amount in taxes.

So, the colonial power was more than happy to govern Jammu and Kashmir indirectly by essentially selling the region to a Dogra dynasty and establishing a princely state.

Here's a timeline of events of the region:

1846: After being ruled by the Mughals, the Sikhs and eventually the British, Kashmir finally comes under the Dogra dynasty.

The ruler, Gulab Singh had bought the Kashmir valley from the East India Company and formed the new state of Jammu and Kashmir under the Treaty of Amritsar. With Dogra rule, a new phase of oppression begins for the Kashmiris.

Gulab Singh paid a heavy price to buy Kashmir and tried to recover it by taxing Kashmiris heavily. He was of course, resented for it. Gulab Singh was succeeded by his son, Ranbir Singh in 1856. During his reign, Kashmir witnessed a debilitating drought under him.

1931: The patience of Kashmiris was pushed to a breaking point.

Widepread protests against Maharaja Hari Singh erupt all over Kashmir. The revolt is brutally suppressed by Hari Singh's constabulary. The uprising was attributed to the fact that the predominantly Muslim population was kept poor, illiterate and was not allowed representation in the state's administrative apparatus.

1932: Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah launches the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference (MC) with a manifesto to fight for the liberation of the Kashmiri people.

Hari Singh's subsequent efforts to redress the grievances of the masses, first by appointing the Glancy Commission and then by constituting a legislative assembly turn out to be hollow.

1939: Muslim Conference splits. Sheikh Abdullah launches Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (NC).

1944: NC adopts the Naya Kashmir (new Kashmir) resolution, which calls for the radical socio-economic transformation and full citizenship rights for the people of Jammu and Kashmir.

1946: The 'Quit Kashmir' movement is launched by the NC against the monarchy. Sheikh Abdullah is taken into custody.

1947: Following independence, and the partition of British India into India and Pakistan, a grave dispute arose over the question of which nation Kashmir should accede to. Based on geographical and religous reasons, Kashmir was expected to go to Pakistan.

August: There is heightened unrest in the wake of the revolt in Poonch against Hari Singh's taxation policy - leading to an exodus of over 60,000 Muslim refugees.

September: There follows a chilling massacre of Muslims in Jammu. Long hidden, this carnage saw anywhere between 50,000 to 200,000 people slaughtered.

October: Tribal fighters from Mirpur invade Kashmir, said to be incensed by the atrocities against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engage in looting and killing along the way. Fearful for his safety, Hari Singh asks India for help.

October 26: Having fled to Jammu, Hari Singh signs the Instrument of Accession integrating the state of Jammu and Kashmir into the Indian union in return for support against the invaders. The clauses in the Instrument of Accession give India control over defence, communication, foreign affairs and ancillary items. Sheikh Abdullah, after his release from prison in September, is a willing partner in the deal.

October 27: The Indian army enters Kashmir. Pakistan subsequently disputes the accession as illegal and the first war over Kashmir breaks out.

1948: India takes the case of Kashmir to the United Nations Organisation (UNO). The world over, Kashmir is officially recognised as a disputed territory. The United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) passes a resolution providing for i) Ceasefire. ii) Withdrawal of Pakistani troops and tribals, followed by Indian troops and iii) Plebsicite.

1949: Ceasfire is proclaimed under UN auspices.

1950: The constitution of India comes into effect. Article I proclaims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir as a part of the territory of India (excluding Pakistan Administered Kashmir comprising of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir) and article 370 gives a special status to the state, corresponding to the terms of the Instrument of Accession.

1951: The first post-independence elections are held in the state. Sheikh Abdullah wins mostly unopposed. Charges of rigging would be made about these polls and the ones that follow.

The UN passes a resolution saying these polls don't count as a plebsicite as that would offer the option of choosing between India and Pakistan.

1952-54: Sheikh Abdullah repeatedly shifts positions between self determination and Indian unionism. He signs the Delhi agreement in 1952 but delays the formal accession of Kashmir to India. He is dismissed and arrested. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad is installed in power - he gets the accession formally ratified in 1954. Plebiscite Front is formed.

1956-57: The J&K Constituent Assembly adopts a fresh constitution for Kashmir, declaring it an integral part of India. The UN passes another resolution stating that it would not constitute a final disposition of the state.

India resists plebsicite efforts but Kashmiri activists are unphased and continue demanding self determination.

1963-64: Protests occur against the implementation of articles 356 and 357 of the Indian Constitution by virtue of which the Centre can exercise it's authority over legislative powers in Kashmir.

The special status accorded to the state under article 370 continues to get eroded.

1965: Indo-Pakistan war breaks out after Pakistan sends infiltrators across the ceasefire line in August. The war ends in ceasefire on September 23.

1966: India and Pakistan sign the Tashkent Declaration, a peace pact that does not take measures to reduce guerilla warfare.

1971: Maqbool Bhat and others form Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), which calls for total independence for Kashmir from both India and Pakistan.

The Indo-Pakistan war of 71 breaks resulting in secession of East Pakistan and formation of Bangladesh.

1972: India and Pakistan recognise the ceasefire line as Line of Control (LOC).

In July, both countries sign the Shimla Agreement, which has a clause agreeing to the final settlement of the region being a bilateral agreement between India and Pakistan and that they shall both respect the LOC.

1977-83: NC wins back to back elections in 77 and 83. International watchdogs accuse India of rigging polls. Sheikh Abdullah dies.

In 1979, Soviet Union invades Afghanistan. US and Pakistan train and arm Mujahideen to fight against the Soviets.

1984: The Indian army takes the Siachen Glacier region of Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat hanged in Tihar Jail.

1987-89: Farooq Abdullah wins elections and forms coalition government with Indian National Congress (INC).

The Muslim United Front (MUF) says elections have been rigged. Insurgency in the valley gains momentum. The end of Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1988 releases vast number of militants and arms into Kashmir. Pakistan trains and arms militants in Kashmir.

Massive protests break out in Kashmir in 1989. JKLF declares armed struggle against India.

1990: Farooq Abdullah resigns as CM. Jagmohan - a bureaucrat with pronounced right wing Hindu leanings - is appointed the governor of Jammu and Kashmir. All powers are vested in central rule.

An estimated 100 people are killed in the Gawkadal Bridge massacre. Other massacres take place.

The armed movement gains popularity, amid killings of Kashmiri Pandits associated with the administration and other civilians as well.

Jagmohan's administration actively discourages reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims. By March, some 1,62,500 Hindus flee the valley, including almost the entire Kashmiri Pandit community.

March: An estimated million people take to the streets. Over 40 killed in police firing.

May: Over two million people attend the funeral march of the slain spiritual leader Mirwaiz Maulvi Muhammad Farooq; over 100 mourners are shot dead. The armed movement grows.

Girish Saxena, a former Intelligence Bureau officer replaces Jagmohan as governor.

Over half a million Indian troops are deployed in the valley and in the stand off, both sides commit human rights violation. Tens of thousands of civilians are killed.

1993: All parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) is formed to promote Kashmiri nationalism.

Major incidents of state-sponsored violence take place in Kashmir. An entire neighbourhood in the northern town of Sopore is burned down by paramilitary troopers, while over a 100 are massacred. In the southern town of Bijbehara, Border Security Forces fire upon a Friday procession in which 55 people are killed.

1994-95: India creates Ikhwan, counter insurgents formed by militants turned India loyalists, who crush the militant groups.

Agha Shahid Ali pens The Country Without A Post Office.

1999: Kargil War breaks out as Kashmiri militants and Pakistani soldiers infiltrate across LOC. It quickly turns into a propaganda war. It is accompanied by audio-visual media coverage. Pakistan withdraws by July.

2000: A day before US President Bill Clinton's visit to India, 35 Sikhs are killed in the village of Chittisingpora.

The government blames militants but Kashmiris suspect government agencies. Sikh leaders endorse the view.

Security Forces claim to have killed the five people responsible for the massacre. Kashmiris claim that it was a fake encounter that killed civilians. No inquiry is conducted on the matter.

2001: July: Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pakistan premier Parvez Musharraf fail to reach an agreement on the Kashmir issue despite five long arduous one-on-meetings.

September: Attacks on the world trade center in the US take place and are dubbed 9/11. Vajpayee asks US President George Bush to extend his war on terror to Kashmir. India uses growing anti-Muslim sentiment to smear the Kashmiri movement of self determination.

2002: Separatist leader Abdul Ghani Lone is assasinated by unidentified gunmen. Government agencies are suspected. No inquiry is carried out.

2008: May: A controversial land deal granting 100 acres of land in the valley to a Hindu Shrine Board causes a furore.

June: Muslims protesters in Kashmir take to the street. Security forces kill over a 100 people, including separatist leader Sheikh Aziz.

For the first time, liberal Indian commentators articulate anguish over the state's excesses in Kashmir.

2009: May-June: Shopian double rape and murder takes place. Security forces are blamed by independent investigations.

Government calls it a case of drowning and suspends doctors who confirmed that the bodies showed signs of sexual assault.

2010: June: Widespread protests break out in Jammu and Kashmir over the Macchil fake encounter. Anger carries over from the 2008 protests. Killing of 17-year-old Tufail Ahmed Matoo by the impact of a smoke cannister provides fuels the rage of protesters.

Security Forces kill as many as 120 protesters. Centre tries to placate the anger of Kashmiris by autonomy proposals, employment generation etc but are met with rejection.

The government appoints three interlocutors to mediate the Kashmir dispute.

2016: The killing of popular miltant leader, Burhan Wani, elicits widepread protests.

Security forces kills over 90 people and injuries over 17,000. The incident is dubbed the world's first mass blinding as use of "non lethal" pellet guns becomes the norm under prime minister Narendra Modi and national security advisor Ajit Doval.

2019: August: Narendra Modi, emboldened by his re-election scraps article 370 (which gave a much whittled autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir) and article 35 a (which forbade permanent settling of outsiders in Jammu and Kashmir).

It is seen as a move to settle Hindus in Kashmir to alter the UN-recognised disputed region's demographics.

Modi also suspends internet in the valley. Security forces crush protests and excesses remain largely hidden due to the internet ban and restrictions on reporting.

A solution to the Kashmir issue remains elusive.

Ends.

I've borrowed much of the information in this thread from Kashmiri documentary filmmaker Sanjay Kak's anthology, Until My Freedom Has Come.

It contains beautifully articulated writings by Kashmiris themselves. I highly recommend it.
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#3 [Permalink] Posted on 17th June 2020 15:05
Phew...that was long.

I do not agree with many points in the first post and a a few in the later.
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#4 [Permalink] Posted on 17th June 2020 15:08
Maripat wrote:
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السلام عليكم

Professor sahab, do share, please.
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#5 [Permalink] Posted on 17th June 2020 15:58
abuzayd2k wrote:
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Maripat wrote:
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Don't you think that he is very lose to the truth here?

4) Studies have shown that Indian Muslims are slowly and steadily getting more politicised and assertive. The more they learn, the more likely they are to speak up for Kashmiris. I know that I and several other Muslim handles on here do.

5) We are more than happy to answer to Kashmiris over this issue but we can hardly be judged by the likes of Pakistani nationalists. Some of the latter are sensible, others are not. This lot while sitting comfortably in a Muslim-majority country judge Indian Muslims, who are a minority in a hostile majoritarian nation. Some of them even heap vile abuse on us, tell us we deserve to be brutalised by Hindutvawadis and the state because we "don't support Kashmiris". The poor Muslims who are massacred in slums don't even know what the Kashmir issue is.
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