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Defense of Inheritance Laws from the Criticism of Feminists and Kuffaar

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#31 [Permalink] Posted on 21st March 2014 21:49
Protecting the Islamic Inheritance Laws from "Muslims"


Call them orientalist, modernists, or liberals, they all have one thing in common: A desire to reform the Shar'iah according to the "modern" world. Im talking about those "Muslims" who have this faulty notion that they have a better understanding of Islam (especially the laws) than classical/traditional 'ulema. They suddenly find a "mistake" in the understanding of an issue which, apparently, the ummah had been missing for the past 1400 years. Some make up stuff just to please the kuffaar, others are truly jaahil people who don't know any better. Many have attributed lies and falsities to the laws of Islam. But our focus will specifically be on the laws of Inheritance. Thankfully, they haven't been able to mess with it too much since our 'ulema have written volumes upon volumes on this topic and Ilm-ul-Faraa''idh seems to be a deeply rooted science, masha'Allah. But problematic "fatwas" by pseudo-scholars and home-made muftis pop up every now and then. These will be dealt with now, insha'Allah.
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#32 [Permalink] Posted on 22nd March 2014 21:21
First lets deal with Zakir Naik. This is a man who is notorious for leaving his field of da'wah and wrongfully treading the field of Fiqh and 'Aqeedah. He has propagated so many incorrect opinions with regards to Fiqh/'Aqeedah (along with his tirade against madhabs) that the Deoband 'ulama have had to issue fataawa against him.

Here he is once again "refuting" (in quotes because the the refutation is anything but Islamically sound) a kafir with regards to inheritance shares adding up to more than one. While the kaafir may be convinced, the truth is that Dr. Naik has completely made up a law and in the process has thrown 1400 years of scholarship out the window. The following is the "refutation".

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Question: According to Arun Shourie there is a mathematical error in the Quran. In chapter 4 verses 11 and 12 when you add up the different parts of inheritance given to the heirs, it is more than one. Therefore the author of the Quran does not know mathematics.

Answer: The Quran mentions about inheritance in many places, in
Surah Al Baqarah-Chapter 2 verse 180
Surah Al Baqarah-Chapter 2 verse 240
Surah Al Nisa-Chapter 4 verses 7 to 9
Surah Al Nisa-Chapter 4 verses19 and 33
Surah Al Ma'idah-Chapter 5 verses 105 and 108

Regarding the share of inheritance it is clearly given in Surah Nisa-chapter 4 verse 11, 12 and 176.

Let us examine the verses quoted by Arun Shourie, i.e. Surah Nisa chapter 4 verses 11 and 12:

"Allah سبحانه وتعالى (thus) directs you as regards your children's (inheritance): to the male, a portion equal to that of two females: if only daughters, two or more, their share is two-thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is a half.

For parents, a sixth share of the inheritance to each, if the deceased left children; if no children, and the parents are the (only) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased left brothers (or sisters) the mother has a sixth. (The distribution in all cases is) after the payment of legacies and debts. Ye know not whether your parents or your children are nearest to you in benefit. These are settled portions ordained by Allah; and Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise."

"In what your wives leave, your share is a half, if they leave no child; but if they leave child, ye get a fourth; after payment of legacies and debts. In what ye leave, their share is a fourth, if ye leave no child; but if ye leave a child, they get an eighth; after payment of legacies and debts." [Al-Quran 4:11-12]

Islam explains the law of inheritance in great detail. The broad and basic outline is given in the Quran and the minute details are given in the Ahadith i.e. the tradition and sayings of the Prophet (Pbuh).

A person can spend his full life only on the research of the Islamic law of inheritance with its various permutations and combinations. Arun Shourie expects to know the law only by superficially reading two verses of the Quran without knowing the criteria.

It is similar to a person who wants to solve a mathematical equation but does not know the basic rule of mathematics, i.e. BODMAS which says that in a mathematical equation, irrespective of which mathematical sign appears first, you will first solve BODMAS: 1st Brackets Off, 2nd Division, 3rd Multiplication, 4th Addition and 5th Subtraction. If Arun Shourie does not know mathematics and first does multiplication then subtraction, then brackets off, then division and finally addition, the answer that he will obtain is bound to be wrong.

Similarly, when the Quran mentions the law of inheritance in Surah Nisa chapter 4 verses 11 and 12, even though the children's share is mentioned first and then that of the parents and spouses, according to the law of inheritance in Islam after paying off the debts and liabilities first, the share is given to the spouses and the parents depending on whether the deceased has left children or not, and whatever portion of wealth is remaining is divided between the sons and the daughters according to their respective shares.

So where does the question arise of the total coming to more than one? So it is not Allah who does not know mathematics but it is Arun Shourie himself who is ignorant about mathematics.
-------------------------------------------

(Source)

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#33 [Permalink] Posted on 22nd March 2014 21:32
As you can see, Zakir Naik has done his own personal "qiyas" with the mathematical rule of BODMAS. This is entirely absurd and laughable as modern-mathematical rules have nothing to do with Islamic Inheritance Laws. When solving an inheritance problem, we follow the process and rules laid down by the Sahaabah and the fuqaaha, so why re-invent the wheel and make up your own rule?

Clearly Zakir Naik has no idea how inheritance laws work, because he has rejected the agreed-upon law of 'awl in exchange for his own silly rule which he pulled out of thin air.

The kaafir who proposed the question was correct in asserting that inheritance shares (in certain cases) add up to more than one. But Zakir Naik was incorrect in his refutation, going on to completely deny the assertion and make up a silly law to work a way around it, when there is no need to because the sahaabah have already explained to us how to deal with such scenarios.




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#34 [Permalink] Posted on 24th March 2014 21:30
Take a look at this disastrous "fatwa":

Question:
I got confused by a Christian missionary about the so-called mathematical mistake in inheritance explained in Quran. Since I am not an aalim, I need your help to clarify this confusion. I have firm faith that there is no such mistake in the Quran; it's my fault not to have complete knowledge about it.

One example he gave is stated below:

Wife 1/8 = 3/24
Daughters 2/3 = 16/24
Father 1/6 = 4/24
Mother1/6 = 4/24
Total = 27/24

Please help me out in this matter.

Response:
The example of application of the law of inheritance you have mentioned is what our traditional scholars understand and present. I don't blame the Christian missionary for what he has mentioned to you. However, the understanding of the law is not a correct reflection of what the Qur'an says.

According to my understanding of the law relevant to the particular case you have mentioned, the parents are going to get one-sixth each (8 out of 24) and the widow one-eighth (3 out of 24). Out of the remaining (11 out of 24), the two daughters are going to get one-third each. There is therefore no mathematical error in this case while distributing inheritance.

There are four conclusions I would like to draw from this example.

Some part of the understanding of traditional Islam needs to be reviewed otherwise we will be guilty of presenting in the name of Islam what is not from God but a flawed understanding of His word.

Those who find faults in Islam should do further research on whether what they are criticising is real Islam or not. It is not a great idea to jump to conclusions when what has been presented in the name of Islam is not necessarily the true Islamic message.

Your missionary friend should look into this response sympathetically. He should give an honest opinion on whether he still thinks that the law mentioned in the Qur'an was flawed.

The scholar who has helped in understanding the law clearly, Javed Ahmad Ghamidi Sahib, deserves to be thanked for this and many other original researches of his. He has rendered huge service towards the cause of understanding true Islam. Probably it is written in the fate of such great men that a good part of our religious clergy would turn against them and vow to degrade them.

(source)

We'll analyze this miserable excuse for a fatwa later insha'Allah....
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#35 [Permalink] Posted on 26th March 2014 01:17
There are many, many things wrong with the above fatwa. May Allah protect us from deviation.

Firstly, I'll remind you that the example scenario brought up by the questioner is one we have already covered in post #22. If you recall, this is the famous Mimbariyya example solved by Hadhrat 'Ali رضي الله عنه himself, and was one of the first applications of 'Awl. This is the correct way of solving the problem. The 'scholar' above, however, like Zakir Naik, forgoes the law of 'Awl taught to us by the sahaabah in exchange for his own faulty, made up rule. This is a major deviance and fisq, as the law of 'Awl is agreed upon by all fuqahaa.

The fatwa states:

Quote:
The example of application of the law of inheritance you have mentioned is what our traditional scholars understand and present. I don't blame the Christian missionary for what he has mentioned to you. However, the understanding of the law is not a correct reflection of what the Qur'an says. [/quote]

So he basically admits that 'awl is from the salaf.... and then boldly claims it is incorrect. This is the definition of modernism and orientalism. They will misconstrue the deen to their own understanding, thinking that they have more knowledge than the sahaabah did. Further proof of their modernism and deviance is their rejection of rajm as a hadd punishment for zina, which is proven from mutawaatir ahadith. May Allah protect us.

Quote:
According to my understanding of the law relevant to the particular case you have mentioned, the parents are going to get one-sixth each (8 out of 24) and the widow one-eighth (3 out of 24). Out of the remaining (11 out of 24), the two daughters are going to get one-third each. There is therefore no mathematical error in this case while distributing inheritance. [/quote]

Besides the fact that the whole solution is incorrect (due to not having applied 'awl), it was slightly amusing to see that the 'scholar' couldn't even do 3rd grade math. Going by his numbers, the daughters would have 13 portions left, not 11.

24-8-3 = 13. Ironically, he states at the end that there is "no mathematical error in this case". Clearly there is...

I also need to mention that this whole BODMAS solution Naik and this 'scholar' have come up with does not even work. In the above example, he states each of the daughters will get 1/3 from the remaining 11 portions. Firstly, that creates a problem as this leads to a decimal number, and you can't have decimals in your answers, all portions must be whole numbers. Secondly, it will leave a residue of 1/3 of 11. Where will that go?

[quote]Some part of the understanding of traditional Islam needs to be reviewed otherwise we will be guilty of presenting in the name of Islam what is not from God but a flawed understanding of His word.


Inna lillaahi wa inna ilayi raaj'iun.

[quote]The scholar who has helped in understanding the law clearly, Javed Ahmad Ghamidi Sahib, deserves to be thanked for this and many other original researches of his. He has rendered huge service towards the cause of understanding true Islam. Probably it is written in the fate of such great men that a good part of our religious clergy would turn against them and vow to degrade them.


Javed Ahmed Ghamidi? You mean the modernized deviant who twists and deforms Islam to what to what the people want? Among his deviations are:

1 - Making Music and dancing halal
2 - Woman can give men divorce
3 - No hadd punishments for drinking, stealing etc...
4 - 'Isa 'alayhis salaam died a natural death, rather than being lifted up by Allah as the Qur'an so clearly states. (This is also the view of the Qadiyaani's).
5 - many more...

These are the kinds of people who are actually shayateen in disguise. They lead themselves to hell and drag others (ignorant Muslims) with them. May Allah guide them. Ameen.










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#36 [Permalink] Posted on 28th March 2014 11:53
JazakAllah Khair brother. An absolutely amazing thread.
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#37 [Permalink] Posted on 28th March 2014 20:23
An organization of "Muslim' feminists wrote an article voicing their desire for the "reform" of the already pristine and perfect Inheritance Laws. Of course, there arguments largely revolve around the females receiving less than the males and how Islam needs to change with the modern times. I've skimmed through it and the article is filled with ignorance, blasphemy, and filth. They've basically written an article on how foolish they are. The PDF of it can be found on the bottom at the following link: www.wluml.org/bibliography/wrrc/content/inheritance-refor...

Notice the blurb of the article:
Quote:
This article makes a case for the reform of traditional Muslim law of inheritance in the context of our times so that women can enjoy a stable, fulfiliing and independent lives.


Astaghfirullah. As if the laws of Allah are oppressive to women... Inna lillah..

Regarding their objections against female inheritance, I will be ignoring most of them, since that topic has already been covered in the beginning of this thread. However, there are plenty of more ignorant claims made in the article that make my head spin, claims that no educated Muslim (male or female) would ever make. May Allah save us from deviation and jahaalat. Ameen.

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#38 [Permalink] Posted on 31st March 2014 00:37
The article states the following:

Quote:
While some rules in the inheritance system were divinely revealed, the specific rules that are followed today were by and large crafted by humans through human interpretation. The diversity in the different schools is proof of this human interpretation - if the rules were divinely revealed, there would not be five very different versions of them.


Firstly, there are only four legitimate schools of thought. The fifth they are referring to is the "jaafari school" which is from the shi'ite sect. We don't care about them, so we will ignore them completely.

Secondly, the above quoted statement displays not only compound ignorance, but also disregard for the 'ulama and the classical tradition of fiqh.

Differences of opinion in rules of inheritance does not mean that the rules have a non-divine origin. If such a thing is accepted, then this kind of horrific logic can be applied to any 'ilm of Islam. Take salah for example. Many of the detailed rulings for salah are different from madhab to madhab. The same goes for zakah, hajj rules, fasting, marriage, 'iddaah and countless other branches of fiqh. Should we then throw all these masa'il out and reform fiqh to our own understanding?

The ikhtilaaf came about due to the different methodologies laid out by the four schools of thought. Otherwise, all the rules of inheritance (of any mahdab) have been taken from one of the four sources of fiqh (Qur'an, sunnah, qiyas, or ijma'). No madhab has just "made-up" a rule for inheritance, rather all rules were based on some kind of daleel (evidence/proof).

This, in fact, is what fiqh is. Allah has given us the general principles, along with competent and intelligent 'ulama whose job it is to figure out the intricacies. Rasulullah (s.a.w.) has stated that differences of opinion are a blessing to his 'ummah, so to say that ikhtilaaf negates the divinity of inheritance laws is a blasphemy not only against inheritance laws, but against all of fiqh, the traditional 'ulama and Rasulullah (s.a.w.) himself.

May Allah protect us from such ignorance.

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#39 [Permalink] Posted on 3rd April 2014 01:55
The article states:

Quote:
Second, the argument that men and women have different social roles and obligations is technically still accurate, but in real life is quickly becoming outdated. In modern societies, women are better educated, earn money in the paid economy and are regularly expected (even if not technically obligated) to contribute to the household economy.[/quote]

While that argument is accurate, we, as Muslims, cannot latch onto it. We should not forget that the real argument for why men get twice and much as females (in certain cases) is because Allah, in His perfect justice and wisdom, has ordained so. Period. So no matter how much the times change, even if all the women in the world start earning twice or even three times as much as men, and even if women become the head of the household as per societal norm and become responsible for taking care of their husbands, they will still only be entitled to half as much inheritance as their male counterparts. The law will not change.

The feminists then give the following example:

[quote]an Indonesian who participated in the committee reviewing Indonesia's inheritance laws argued for reform by saying that

... giving equal shares to sons and daughters is not inconsistent with the Koranic text by granting the assumption of the defenders of the two to one distribution that the rationale for the differential treatment of males and females has its source in the different social roles and obligations of men and women. The justification for granting men the larger share is not because of their sex per se, but because they bear the financial burden of supporting the family. In Southeast Asia, however, Muslim women frequently contribute as much or more to the household economy as men. Thus, the purpose or effective cause of the rule is not present. (Cammack 2000, p.7)


The jaahil who has introduced this shaytaani reform clearly has not understood the laws of Inheritance, and the usool they are based on. He assumes that the cause for the 2 to 1 distribution between males and females is due to social roles and obligations. This is entirely false. Although many people will cite this as a reason, it is not the actual cause for this rule, rather it can be said that this is the hikmah behind the rule.

What we are going into now is the concept of Illat vs. Hikmat. Simply put, In usul al-fiqh, an illat is the cause/basis for the ruling. Without this illat, the ruling will no longer apply. Hikmat, on the other hand is the extra benefit and comfort the a ruling brings with it. For any deeni ruling, there can be multiple hikmats, but only one illat. Much of the defense surrounding the 2 to 1 inheritance rule is based on its hikmat(s), not its illat. See the fataawa I posted in post #5 and #6. We cannot say that the answers provided by those muftiyan is the illat for the 2:1 inheritance distribution, but we can say that they are the hikmat of the ruling.

Below are some excerpts taken from Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi's book The Principles and Codes of Law in Hanafi Fiqh. Insha'Allah, they will give us a better understanding of Illat and Hikmat.
-------
Nowadays there is a disease prevalent amongst the masses that they seek the illat of the rulings, and when they fail in finding any illat then they concur that the hikmat (wisdom) is the illat and they present it as an answer. Whereas the reality of the illat is: That upon which the ruling is based, and the reality of hikmat is: That which is based on the ruling. [page 37]

And there is a possibility of an innovated hikmat being of a doubtful nature, hence this would result in casting doubts in the divine laws. [Da`wat Abdiyat, page 66, vol. 19] [page 37]

Thirdly, these advantages [i.e. the hikmah's behind a ruling] which are estimates and conjectures, can very easily (be shown to be) doubtful and if they are ever (proven to be) doubtful and uncertain, then the Shar`i ruling will also be regarded as such, because they have based and regarded the ruling of the Shariah to be on this (innovated advantage).[page 38]

A ruling is not based nor dependant on its hikmat, neither is its (the rulings) existence and execution dependant on the hikmat. For example, the raml in tawaaf had a certain hikmat behind it, but this was not the basis for this ruling. [Bawaadir, page 177, vol. 2] [page 39]

There is no doubt that the establishment and proof of the basis of Shar`i rulings lay in the Shar`i nusoos. Nevertheless, there is also no doubt that similarly, notwithstanding this, there are many advantages and mysteries underlying these rulings. But the foundations and essence of the rulings are not based on these. But these have the benefit that they create more reliance and comfort in the rulings. Although the Raasikheen and their likes do not require or depend on these factors, nevertheless, weaklings (like us) take comfort from them. The mysteries and benefits of the various rulings are frequently discussed by great Ulama, the likes of Imaam Ghazaali, Khattaabi, Ibn Abdus Salaam, (rahmatullah alayhim), etc. [Bawaadirun Nawaadir, page 105] [page 40]

If any hikmat of a ruling is realised, then this should not be understood as being the crux of the ruling. If this is adhered to them there is no harm in studying the hikmats. [Anfaas `Aini, page 417, vol. 3] [page 40]
-------
So to break this down: The removal of the illat of a ruling makes the application of the ruling unnecessary. The removal of a hikmat of a ruling, however, does not affect the ruling at all. The rule will still be applied. This is what is happening to the 2 to 1 inheirtance rule. Even though the hikmat [that a man needs to provide for his wife/family etc... hence he gets more] may be removed in some parts of the world, it does not affect the ruling. The ruling remains that the male will twice what the female gets if the scenario is such.

The jaahil who proposed the "reform" (leading himself to jahannum and dragging the ignorant masses of Indonesia with him) believes the hikmat to be the cause of the ruling. Hence he concluded that since the cause has now been lifted, the ruling is also lifted. May Allah protect us from such jahaalat.

So now you may ask: What is then the illat for the 2 to 1 inheritance distribution between certain males and females? This is something I cannot give an input on, since I am not a mujtahid. The illat of a ruling can only be extracted by a qualified 'aalim or mujtahid. There is a great danger when laymen start extracting illats, as a false illat can lead to many fitaan (like in the above case of "reform").

A good example of how such faulty illats can lead to jahannum is the example of the jaahil who said that the illat for the prohibition of zinaa is that it would cause confusion in lineage. Nowadays we have blood testing and DNA testing, and so there is no chance of confusion of lineage. The jaahil then concluded: now that the illat has been lifted, fornication/adultery has become halaal. Na'uthubillah.

Another example is of the jaahil who said that the illat for wudhu is to become sanitary and clean. Back during the Prophets (s.a.w.) time, it was difficult to stay clean due to unsanitary conditions, hence wudhu had to be performed in order to pray. Modern day advancement in technology and medicine have made our surroundings a lot more sanitary and hence wudhu is no longer necessary for salah. Na'uthubillah.

These are just a few example of what can happen when ignorant people start extracting illats for a ruling, and this is exactly what has happened in the case of the proposed "reform" in Indonesia above. So for now, I will say that the only illat for the 2:1 male/female ruling is simply that Allah has said so. We hear and obey. For the more technical illat, we can ask an 'aalim if need be.





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#40 [Permalink] Posted on 5th April 2014 00:03
The article states:

Quote:
The revelations in the Qur'an about inheritance were the only first stages of what was meant to be progressive reform:
..
..

The reforms that took place in the early years of Islam are clearly progressive, changing with the needs of the society. They were meant in part to protect women, requiring that at least a minimum share, as specified in Qur'an, be given to women who were closely related to the deceased. The more detailed rules that were laid out by the Sunni classical jurists allowed many pre-Islamic customs to continue, and also reflected the needs, customs and expectations of the society in which they lived instead of continuing the progressive reform that was started during the time of the Prophet. Over 1000 years have passed, and the modern world is incredibly different than it was during the early centuries of Islam. The ummah should take up the example of progressive reform and work to ensure that the rules of inheritance reflect the needs of the people today.


The feminists present the argument that the inheritance laws were "meant" to continue progressing, but this progression was stopped by codifying of Ilm-ul-Faraa'id laid out by the Sunni scholars. They also suggest it to be a problem that many of the pre-islamic laws pertaining to inheritance continued, rather than being completely abrogated.

Firstly, they failed to present any evidence that some pre-islamic inheritance laws continued into the Islamic era. But even if such a thing is true, that is not a problem at all. In fact, many of Islamic rites, rituals, and injunctions we know about were actually carried over from pre-islamic times. Some examples are: Thihaar (likening wife to the mother), Hajj rites (although certain aspects of Hajj were abrogated), the 4 sacred months, slaves etc...

All of the above things, and many more, were left as they were. Rather than abrogate them, Allah, in His perfect wisdom, chose to keep them for the deen of Islam. So to argue that Inheritance laws contain pre-islamic rules (even though they failed to present evidence for this claim) and therefore should be reformed, is contradictory to our entire deen.

There statement that Islamic Inheritance laws were "meant" to continue reforming, and these scholars (how dare they) ruined it by codifying the laws is absolutely ridiculous. It basically implies that Islam deviated from the very beginning because the reform that Allah wanted to continue (and how do they know there was supposed to be further reform, wahi from Allah?) was stopped short by scholarly men, na'uthubillah.

The only reform of the Inheritance laws was from the Jahiliyyah times into the Islamic era. The ayaat regarding inheritance are the most detailed and explicit as you will find in the entire Qur'an. Its crystal clear how Allah wanted these laws to works, and He gave us Rasulullah (s.a.w.)'s sunnah to let us (meaning the scholars) figure out the bit of injunctions that were left over. Once these rules have been codified, there can be no other reform. All the rules that were further codified after the death of the Prophet (s.a.w.) was not "reform" of the law, rather it was extraction of more rules (due to more inheritance scenarios coming up) using the principles that were already laid out in the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Anything further than that is deviance.





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#41 [Permalink] Posted on 6th April 2014 02:27
The feminists continue their ignorance, by citing a preposterous and baseless theory known as the theory of limits:

Quote:
Related to this idea, Mohammed Shahrour, an engineer from Syria, proposed in his book entitled al-Kitab wal-Qur'an: Qira'a Mu'asira a theory called the "Theory of Limits", meaning the limits (hudud) divinely ordained in the Qur'an and the sunnah. According to this theory, the Qur'an and the sunnah set a Lower Limit (minimum) and an Upper Limit (maximum) for all human actions, and man-made legislation and rules are permitted anywhere in between those Limits. Nothing that falls below the Lower Limit or exceeds the Upper Limit is permitted - this is the mandatory aspect of the revelations. However, actions that fall above the Lower Limit and below the Upper Limit are allowed.

...
...
...

The type of Limits related to inheritance is the third type, when the Lower and Upper Limits (maximum and minimum limits) are conjoined. In Qur'an 4:11, it is stated that regarding inheritance provisions for children, "to the male, a portion equal to that of two females". Shahrour's theory holds that instead of laying out an inflexible, rigid amount or share for male and female, this section of the verse sets the Upper Limit (maximum) for men and Lower Limit (minimum) for women in which the man's share cannot be more than 66.6 percent and the woman's cannot be less than 33.3 percent of the estate. Within those bounds, a woman could inherit more than the Lower Limit, or minimum, and a man could inherit less than the Upper Limit, or maximum, depending on their circumstances,
as long as both limits are not breached. This type of limit could be applied to all of the inheritance provisions that are set forth in the Qur'an. This fits within the idea of protecting women's right to inheritance by setting a minimum amount that the women must receive and the maximum that a man may receive, but providing that she may receive more and he may receive less than those minimum and maximum amounts.


Besides the fact that this "theory" is utterly laughable and ludicrous, it has absolutely no basis in the Qur'an or Sunnah. No where is this theory even alluded to in any classical or modern text, whether it be a book of Tafseer or Fiqh, and no scholar has ever mentioned such a theory. So basically its a completely made-up idea brought up by Mr Mohammed Shahrour.

Now lets talk about this shaytaan, Mohammed Shahrour.

Besides the fact that this "scholar" (and I say that with utmost sarcasm) has a clean-shaven abomination for a face, he is also a hadith-rejector. He does not believe in hadith, nor does he see it as a valid source for the Shari'ah, relying solely on the Qur'an. This kaafir considers Hadith and fiqh both to be a farce and a product of man, formulated to politically control the masses (I kid you not, he actually believes this).

I have just gone through his book, "The Qur'an, Morality, and Critical Reasoning" and have found some utterly shocking quotes, some of which I have reproduced below:

"Based on the dubious notion of Mu�ammad's sanctity as prophet and messenger, the sunna, that is, the collective body of all hadiths that capture the words and deeds of a supposedly �ber-human being, has gained an authority that intrudes into the daily life of every Muslim-Believer. General issues of religious belief and specific questions of social conduct are indiscriminately treated as equally authoritative and binding on us all. Every little detail of the Prophet's life has been defined as equally sacrosanct, whether it concerned questions of universal, objective laws or legislation , whether it referred to prophetic knowledge or to legislation. The hadiths of the sunna have thus acquired the status of sacred texts whose authority cannot any longer be questioned. As a result, the hadiths, regardless of their often dubious origins and weak chains of transmitters, were given priority to the divine text even when they contradicted the verses of the Book." [Page 80]

The truth is that after the prophet's death in 632 his companions were preoccupied only with the task of producing an authoritative collection of divine revelations. They did not bother at all about prophetic hadiths. [page 81]

The Prophet's (s) companions had realised that whatever Muhammad (s) said or did as a human being could not have originated from a divine source and thus was strictly related to the politic al-historical context in which he lived. Even though they could have started to collect hadiths they continued to rely exclusively on the divine text. Knowing the Book very well they realised that to collect hadiths in order to complete divine revelation would have contradicted Allah's words in verse 3 of Surat al-Ma'ida. [Page 81]

To truly see how evil this man is, look what he says about Rasulullah (s.a.w.) and the famous incident from Surah 'Abasa (turning away from the blind man).

"This is a clear rebuke by God because Muhammad was so impertinent to have turned away from Ibn Maktum" [Page 83]

Criticising such snobbishness, Allah asks Muhammad (s) to change his attitude and turn back to the beggar, for the old man might spiritually benefit enormously from the Prophet's attention. [Page 83]

I do not like to read such garbage, so please know that I am only quoting it to show you the true depth of this mans evil. This kaafir is actually a shaytaan in the disguise of a human being, sent only to misguide the masses. May Allah protect us. I make du'aa that Allah guide him, and if guidance is not written for him, than may He destroy him. Ameen.

And this is the type of source the ignorant feminists are relying on!





















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#42 [Permalink] Posted on 13th April 2014 05:50
The feminists continue their bogus criticism:

Quote:
Classical jurists and their ideas, assumptions, and life experiences profoundly influenced the development of fiqh, including the traditional rules of inheritance. For example, in A History of Islamic Law, N.J. Coulson explains that early schools of law in Medina and Kufa in the early decades of the second century of Islam (from A.D. 720 on) relied on existing social circumstances and expectations to shape the rules of inheritance:

[L]egal thought was naturally influenced by prevailing local conditions, and many of the differences between Medinan and Kufan doctrine are explained ... by the different societies of the two centres.


The basic argument here is that Inheritance laws were influenced by the societal norms of that time (and hence not applicable in modern society) and a proof for that is the differences of opinion between schools of thought (the example of Kufa vs. Medina was given).

The argument is utter nonsense and rubbish. All the laws of inheritance were based on either the Qur'an, Sunnah, Qiyas, or Ijma', and not on society. It would be a great sin upon the classical scholars if they abandoned the sources of Islam and looked to society and culture to establish rulings. Such a thing is unthinkable, and illogical.

They support their claim by saying that the ikhtilaaf among jurists regarding many rules of inheritance is a proof of this phenomenon.

This is even greater rubbish than their actual claim. It is common knowledge among learned Muslims that the science of Inheritance is unique in that it contains very few differences of opinion. It is the one academic field in Islam in which the differences of opinion among 'ulamaa' can be counted on the fingers of your hands! The reason for this is because the fiqh of inheritance has been laid out in such a clear and concise manner in the Qur'an and Sunnah, that there is very little room left for ijtihad, interpretation and ikhtilaaf. The lack of ikhtilaaf in Ilm-ul Faraa'idh actually destroys the argument that the laws were influenced by society. If such was the case, there would be massive ikhtilaaf among scholars of different areas (and different madhabs), but we dont find that at all!

Every law and rule of inheritance I've shared with you in this thread (with the exception of radd) is actually agreed upon by all 4 madhabs! Can we say that for any other academic field in Islam?

In fact, most of the differences of opinion only apply in special and unique cases which dont even come up often. The only 'real' ikhtilaaf is the one regarding radd and the one regarding the grandfather. As for the ikhtilaaf regarding radd, you can read about it in post #25.

As for the ikhtilaaf regarding the grandfather, it is the following:

The Hanafi's say all siblings are excluded (i.e. the do not inherit) in the presence of the grandfather. The rest of the 3 madhabs say that only the uterine siblings are excluded in the presence of the grandfather.

These are the two points of ikhtilaaf that may play a role when it comes to solving inheritance problems. There are only a few others, but they are not really even worth mentioning because they apply in such specific and rare cases that an 'aalim may never even come across such scenarios.

Leaving those two points aside, you can give one scholar from each of the four madhabs an inheritance scenario, and they will all most likely come out with the same exact answer!

So how can one say that 'ulamaa' were influenced by societal norm, culture and customs of their time when codifying inheritance laws? Such a notion contradicts the very fiqh of inheritance.
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#43 [Permalink] Posted on 16th April 2014 22:21
More deviance from Javed Ahmed Ghamidi and his student. See Q and A below:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question

My name is Abid Hussain. I am a medical doctor by profession. I was born in Faisalabad but currently I am working abroad.

I have been reading your replies to many Islamic questions and issues on the Internet, which you have answered under your pseudonym "The Learner." Your answers are very detailed and informative. Your powers of persuasion and articulation are indeed impressive. Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala has obviously endowed you with a great deal of knowledge with which you have successfully beaten down the critics of Islam.

I found your articles on the Islamic law of inheritance particularly interesting. This is a very difficult field and even the very knowledgeable admit to this fact. You and your teacher Javed Ahmad Ghamidi's interpretation of the Qur'anic verses on inheritance (namely 4:11, 4:12 and 4:176) raised a number of questions and issues in my mind which I would like to put to you and hopefully you will be able to answer to my satisfaction.

My knowledge of Islam is in no way comparable to yours so please correct me if need be, however I am familiar with the Islamic laws of inheritance.

I would like you to comment on the following issues:

1- If the only heirs are a wife, two daughters and a paternal uncle how should one distribute the inheritance?

According to your proposed system the wife in the presence of children belongs to the "first category" of heirs. The distribution according to your method would be thus:

Wife inherits 1/8

Two daughters inherit 2/3 of 7/8 equally

Paternal uncle inherits the balance, which is 1/3 of 7/8 = 7/24

Now let us look at a hadith narrated by Jabir ibn Abdullah (RA) and reported in Sunan Abu Dawud (also reported by Ibn Majah, Tirmidhi and others):

We went out with the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) and came to a woman of the Ansar in al-Aswaf. The woman brought her two daughters, and said: "Apostle of Allah, these are the daughters of Thabit ibn Qays who was killed as a martyr when he was with you at the battle of Uhud, their paternal uncle has taken all their property and inheritance, and he has not left anything for them. What do you think, Apostle of Allah? They cannot be married unless they have some property." The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Allah will decide regarding the matter." Then the verse of Surah an-Nisaa was revealed: "Allah (thus) directs you as regards your children's (inheritance)." Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Call to me the woman and her husband's brother. He then said to their paternal uncle: Give them two-thirds and their mother an eighth, and what remains is yours."

The distribution of the inheritance as adjudicated by the Prophet (SAWS) in light of the revealed Qur'anic verses was as follows:

Wife inherits 1/8

Two daughters inherit 2/3

Paternal uncle inherits the balance, which is 5/24

So you see your method is at variance with the method used by our beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAWS).

2- If the only heirs are a wife, both parents and two daughters then according to your proposed system of inheritance the distribution is thus:

Wife inherits 1/8

Father inherits 1/6

Mother inherits 1/6

2 daughters inherit 2/3 of 13/14 equally

The balance (7/72) shall be given to the person bequeathed by the deceased; in the absence of such a person, it shall be given to the closest male relative of the deceased; in the absence of such a relative, the balance shall be distributed as per regulations of the state of residence of the deceased.

This was the answer provided by you in response to a question posed by Mr. Jochen Katz, although Mr. Katz mentioned three daughters instead of two, this does not affect the general principle involved.

Hadhrat Ali (RA) while he was on the pulpit (Minbar) delivering the khutbah for the Friday Jumma prayer was interrupted by a man who stood up and asked how the estate should be divided when a man died leaving his wife, father, mother and two daughters. Hadhrat Ali (RA) replied, "The wife's one-eight becomes one-ninth." (Ibn Shubah, vol. 3, pt. i, p. 19, no. 34). This case is famously known as al-Minbariyyah.

The distribution of inheritance is thus:

Wife inherits 1/9

Father inherits 4/27

Mother inherits 4/27

2 daughters inherit 16/27 equally

This is the method of distribution according to the Hanafi, Malaki, Shafii and Hanbali fiqh. The doctrine applied is that of al-awl which involves proportional reduction of all the shares.

Hadhrat Umar (RA) during his caliphate applied the doctrine of al-awl. Some say it was Hadhrat Zaid ibn Thabit (RA), who actually proposed the system of al-awl. The Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) himself attested to the fact that Zaid ibn Thabit (RA) was knowledgeable about the laws of inheritance. The doctrine of al-awl is based on the ijma` of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad.

Your proposed system is at variance with the decisions of some of the most learned companions of the Prophet Muhammad (RA)?

3- You have stated: "According to verse 176, in case the deceased is childless, and has any brothers and/or sisters, the share of brothers and sisters of the deceased shall be exactly the same as that of his sons and/or daughters respectively, if he had any."

In the light of your statement consider a case where the only heirs are the father, a son and a daughter. The distribution of the inheritance would be:

Father inherits 1/6

Son inherits 5/9

Daughter inherits 5/18

Your proposed system gives the same answer in such a case.

Now consider a case where the only heirs are the father, a germane [full] brother and a germane [full] sister. (Note that instead of the son and daughter we now have a brother and a sister.) The distribution according to all the Islamic schools of jurisprudence is that the father excludes both the brother and the sister and as sole heir the father inherits the entire estate.

Will the brother and sister inherit exactly like the son and daughter in this case in your proposed system of inheritance?

Brother, Moiz Amjad, you are far more knowledgeable than I am and people listen to you and respect your views. I would like you to tell me how one can reconcile your interpretation of the Qur'anic ayahs on inheritance with that of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) and his companions (RA).

Please reply. I am keen to learn more about this subject.

Your brother in Islam

Reply

Before I answer your questions, I would like to reiterate one of the points that you have yourself stressed in your letter. You write:

This is a very difficult field and even the very knowledgeable admit to this fact.

I do agree with you that because of the arithmetical ingredients of the problem, it has become a somewhat complicated issue. Nevertheless, I also fully adhere to the fact that if the verses of the Qur'an are seen purely from a literal perspective, they present a solution, which is absolutely clear from any complication.

However, the fact is that because the solution of the problem actually entails arithmetic calculations of shares - some calculated prior to the others - there is a potential that if the person has not fully understood the directives of the Qur'an, he may commit some errors in the ultimate allocation of the shares of the various parties. Furthermore, the mere fact that the issue has a potential of confusing a mind also points to the fact that there is a likelihood that if a narrator (of the solution) has not completely understood the solution, he may commit mistakes in narrating the solution given. This is an important fact to consider while analyzing the whole situation.

Moreover, it should remain clear that in all your three referred cases, it would not be very accurate to say that the directive of the Prophet (pbuh) or the opinion of Hadhrat Ali رضي الله عنه or that of Hadhrat Omar رضي الله عنه was such and such. The most that can be said is that the three narratives contain the directive ascribed to the Prophet (pbuh) or an opinion ascribed to Hadhrat Ali رضي الله عنه or Hadhrat Omar رضي الله عنه, respectively. The chance that the words ascribed to these authorities may not have been accurately narrated can, obviously, not be ruled out. After all, how can we overlook the chance that any one or more of the narrators may have been mistaken in reporting or ascribing these sayings to the respective authorities. Taking the narrative ascribed to the Prophet (pbuh) as a case in point, it has been reported by all the three books Tirmidhi, Ibn Maajah and Ahmad Ibn Hanbal on the authority of Abd Allah Ibn Mohammed Ibn Aqeel. Regarding Abd Allah ibn Mohammed ibn Aqeel, Ya`qoob is quoted to have said: "His narratives are extremely weak" (Tehzeeb al-Tehzeeb). Ibn `oyainah has said: "There are four people from the Qureish, whose narratives are not accepted" then he named him among them (Tehzeeb al-Tehzeeb). He is also reported to have said: "There was something wrong with his memory, I did not like meeting him" (Tehzeeb al-Tehzeeb). Ibn Mu`een is reported to have said: "He reports weak narratives" (Tehzeeb al-Tehzeeb). A number of other negative remarks have been quoted about this narrator. It is obvious that in view of all these negative remarks, it would not be prudent to consider his reporting to be accurate narratives of the words of the Prophet (pbuh).

As far as the Aa'thaar (narratives ascribed to the companions of the Prophet) ascribed to Hadhrat Ali رضي الله عنه and Hadhrat Omar رضي الله عنه are concerned, their chains are not known to me and therefore I am not in a position to comment on them. Nevertheless, as both these narratives relate to the doctrine of Awl, I would like to present my brief comments on this doctrine:

The doctrine of Awl, if you would look closely at it is, in effect, a recognition and acceptance of the idea that there is an error in the stipulation of shares in the Qur'an. In view of this fact, we can either say that:

1) There is a mistake in the ascription of the referred narratives to the companions of the Prophet (pbuh); or

2) The companions may not have accurately interpreted the verses; or

3) There is a mistake in the Qur'an.

What would be your option?

I am willing to submit that the first and even the second option can hold true. But I am not willing to submit that the third option could be true as well.

I, therefore, do not accept these narratives ascribe to the companions of the Prophet (pbuh) to be based on an accurate interpretation of the Qur'an, as this would imply a mistake in the Qur'an. In my opinion, these narratives do not entail an accurate reporting of the respective events.

You write:

This is the method of distribution according to the Hanafi, Malaki, Shafii and Hanbali fiqh. The doctrine applied is that of al-awl which involves proportional reduction of all the shares.

Even if the above method were ascribed to by the whole of mankind, I would still have the above reservations in accepting it to be correct, as doing so necessitates accepting a mistake in the Qur'an.

You further write:

Your proposed system is at variance with the decisions of some of the most learned companions of the Prophet Muhammad (RA)?

Firstly, I would like to clarify that in my explanation of the law of inheritance of the Qur'an, I have not proposed any 'system'. I have only presented my understanding of the related verses of the Qur'an, clearly stipulating the linguistic bases of my understanding. I do submit that there can be a mistake in my understanding of these verses. Nevertheless, I would only be able to understand this mistake if an error is pointed out in the bases of my interpretation that I have provided in detail in my article.

Secondly, it would not even be very accurate to say that my interpretation is "at variance with the decisions of the most learned companions of the Prophet Mohammed". It would seem more prudent to say that my interpretation is 'at variance with the decisions ascribed to the most learned companions of the Prophet'. Obviously, there is a chance that such decisions may not have been accurately ascribed to the companions of the Prophet (pbuh). Especially, when accepting these decisions to be accurate implies accepting an error in the Qur'anic stipulation of the shares of inheritance.

I would like to add here that I would, insha'Allah, have absolutely no problem in accepting that my interpretation is faulty, if someone points out an error in the bases of my interpretation. Nevertheless, even if that happens, I would still not be willing to accept the interpretation based on Awl to be accurate, due to the mere fact that it implies accepting an error in the Qur'anic stipulation of the shares of inheritance.

Would you not do the same?

As far as your third question is concerned, you have accurately deduced the shares that I would give in the stated case. You ask:

Will the brother and sister inherit exactly like the son and daughter in this case in your proposed system of inheritance?

The answer to this question is: Yes. The basis, as you have yourself pointed out is Al-Nisaa 4: 176. However, you have expressed your concern that:

The distribution according to all the Islamic schools of jurisprudence is that the father excludes both the brother and the sister and as sole heir the father inherits the entire estate.

I agree. However, in my opinion, this distribution seems to be in clear contradiction to the directive of Al-Nisaa 4: 176. Therefore, in view of Al-Nisaa 4: 176, I think the stated opinion of the respected jurists is not very accurate.

Answer published by Moiz Amjad

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More on this later, insha'Allah...

(source)
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#44 [Permalink] Posted on 21st April 2014 02:11
Those that have read the above fatwa and have been following the thread will notice that there are a number of things wrong with the answer. The "scholar" has made some truly bold and arrogant claims.

The questioner (and its clear the questioner in this case is more intelligent than the "scholar" he is seeking the answer from) brings up some concerns of his regarding the distribution of inheritance in 3 different types of cases.

In case 1 he first brings up the erroneous distribution according to the "scholar" and then cites a hadith, followed by the correct distribution according to the illustrious fuqahaa of the four madhabs. His statements "So you see your method is at variance with the method used by our beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAWS)" is spot on.

In case 2 he brings up the famous Mimbariyya case, which we have already encountered twice in this thread, here and here. We already know what the correct answer for this famous problem is, and its clear the distribution according to the "scholar" is incorrect, and as stated by the questioner himself, "at variance with the decisions of some of the most learned companions of the Prophet Muhammad (RA)".

In Case 3 the questioner states regarding the statement of the scholar (most likely from a previous query):

Quote:
You have stated: "According to verse 176, in case the deceased is childless, and has any brothers and/or sisters, the share of brothers and sisters of the deceased shall be exactly the same as that of his sons and/or daughters respectively, if he had any." [/quote]

I was initially puzzled by this, as I had no clue where they got this ruling from. It appears the "scholar" has taken the liberty to formulate his own rule of inheritance, without any basis whatsoever.

Now lets take a look at the answer of the "scholar" to the objections raised by the intelligent questioner.

The "scholar" wrote:
Moreover, it should remain clear that in all your three referred cases, it would not be very accurate to say that the directive of the Prophet (pbuh) or the opinion of Hadhrat Ali رضي الله عنه or that of Hadhrat Omar رضي الله عنه was such and such. The most that can be said is that the three narratives contain the directive ascribed to the Prophet (pbuh) or an opinion ascribed to Hadhrat Ali رضي الله عنه or Hadhrat Omar رضي الله عنه, respectively. The chance that the words ascribed to these authorities may not have been accurately narrated can, obviously, not be ruled out. After all, how can we overlook the chance that any one or more of the narrators may have been mistaken in reporting or ascribing these sayings to the respective authorities.[/quote]

Its ironic that the through this whole "fatwa" the "scholar" does not present a shred of daleel to prove his own understanding of the laws of inheritance, other than "this is my understanding" or "in my opinion...", and yet goes on to criticize the hadith quoted by the questioner. While the fuqahaa use this and similar ahadith to formulate the laws of inheritance, this "scholar" bases the laws on "his own understanding". Regarding the narrator criticism he does thereafter, I find it slightly amusing. He does not even understand the laws of Inheritance properly, so I cannot believe that he would be trustworthy as a researcher of hadith narrators.

In the second case of Mimbariyya, the "scholars" incorrect distribution is due to his aversion and rejection of the law of 'awl. About the law of 'awl, he says:

The "scholar" wrote:
The doctrine of Awl, if you would look closely at it is, in effect, a recognition and acceptance of the idea that there is an error in the stipulation of shares in the Qur'an[/quote]

So for 1400 years the sahaabah and the fuqahaa have actually been affirming an error in the Qur'an? The law of 'awl, as already explained in previous posts, is accepted unanimously across all madhabs and all scholars. The "scholars" logic is faulty and has no basis. He is willing to reject the narrations (which all the 'ulama accept) regarding 'awl while not presenting a single piece of evidence for his own rules, other than "this would imply a mistake in the Qur'an".

As for case 3, the following is the "scholars" basis for the ruling:[quote] Yes. The basis, as you have yourself pointed out is Al-Nisaa 4: 176.


Thats it. No explanation, nothing. I've read the verse, and I've read its tafseer, but I still can't for the life of me figure out how the "scholar" used it to come up with his fictitious rule.

And in refutation of the four madhabs he writes: [quote]However, in my opinion, this distribution seems to be in clear contradiction to the directive of Al-Nisaa 4: 176. Therefore, in view of Al-Nisaa 4: 176, I think the stated opinion of the respected jurists is not very accurate.


Again, no explanation other than "In my opinion..".

The "scholar" has also invited a refutation:

[quote="The "scholar"]I would like to add here that I would, insha'Allah, have absolutely no problem in accepting that my interpretation is faulty, if someone points out an error in the bases of my interpretation.


I would love to.

The "scholar" has made the following claim: "in view of Al-Nisaa 4:176, I think the stated opinion of the respected jurists is not very accurate."

In this one verdict, this "scholar" has rejected 1400 years of scholarship, and has chosen to cling to his own personal "opinion" rather than the already-codified rules of inheritance. His arrogant statement, "I think the stated opinion of the respected jurists is not very accurate" is a testament to his jahaalat. Rather it is HIS opinion that is in clear contradiction to 4:176. The case presented was the following:

Father, brother and sister.
The question: Will brother and sister inherit exactly like a son and daughter would have (had they been alive)?
The "scholars" answer: Yes
Correct answer: No, the brother sister will not inherit at all because the presence of the father deprives all siblings.

Now, 4:176 is talking about kalaalah. This is a person who had died leaving behind neither ascendents nor descendants. By ascendents and descendants, we specifically mean father and son. In other words, 4:176 is specifically talking about a person who has died leaving behind neither a Father, nor sons. [see Maariful Qur'an for details]. The scholar says that his basis for the answer to this problem is 4:176. How can this be if the said problem includes a father, while the verse (which he claims to base his answer on) is specifically talking about a situation in which there is NO father (or son)?

The second problem is his entire method of calculating the shares of each heir seems to be arbitrary. Take a look at case 1 and 2. He gives the parents a set share, then gives the daughter her share from the remainder, rather than from the entire set. Where is his evidence for this? Why doesn't the daughter get her shares from the entire estate, while the parents get their share from the remainder? Is there a reasoning and basis for this method?

Regarding the balance left behind for case 2, this is the "scholars" position: The balance (7/72) shall be given to the person bequeathed by the deceased; in the absence of such a person, it shall be given to the closest male relative of the deceased; in the absence of such a relative, the balance shall be distributed as per regulations of the state of residence of the deceased.

All three choices are problematic, lets analyze them in order:

1. Bequests come BEFORE the distribution of inheritance. This is not only logical, but also the unanimous position of all scholars. But at this point I don't believe ijma' means anything to this "scholar". But even logically speaking, bequests have to be fulfilled before the estate is distributed to the right heirs. Leaving the remainder for bequests is problematic in that there may not be enough left to satisfy the bequest. If the mayyit had bequeathed 1/3 of his wealth to charity, but only 1/5 is left behind, then what do you do?

2. The closest male relative is the father! So the remainder should go to the father, and there is also unanimity on this ruling. But in the scenario above (case 2), the remainder is not given to the father. The "scholar" has contradicted his won rulings.

3. "balance shall be distributed as per regulations of the state of residence of the deceased." Never, this not at all permissible, especially if the state is a kuffaar state. Distribution of any part of the estate is not up to the discretion of the state or community, rather the remainder will go the eligible heirs. If none, then to the bayt-ul-maal. But since there is no Islamic State presently (and hence, no bayt-ul-maal), the balance will be given to charity. The "regulations" of the state mean nothing, unless we are talking about an Islamic State (which does not exist at the moment).

Shayateen like Javed Ahmed Ghamidi and his students should be refuted. They lead thmeselves astray, and take others down with them. May Allah protect us from such deviance, and from following our desires and make us obedient to his Divine Laws. Ameen.





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#45 [Permalink] Posted on 23rd April 2014 03:57
The questioner in the previously posted "fatwa" was not satisfied, and hence wrote back to the "scholar' with follow up questions. Alhamdulillah, I am now convinced that the questioner is at least intelligent enough to see through the facade of this deviant "scholar". Read Q and A below:

Question

Thank you very much indeed, brother Moiz, for a detailed response to my questions. I hope other Muslim brothers will benefit from our exchange. I would like to make a few comments to your response if I may.

My first comment is on the doctrine of awl.

As Muslims, we all believe that the Qur'an is the word of Allah and obviously error free. You have stated:

The doctrine of awl, if you look closely at it, is a recognition and acceptance of the idea that there is an error in the stipulation of shares in the Qur'an.

All the evidences that you have mentioned in rejection of the doctrine of awl must have been known to the Muslim jurists of the past. Interesting enough the Sunni jurists almost unanimously accept the doctrine of awl. The doctrine of awl is based on the ijmaa` of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS). It would appear that the doctrine of awl rests on the concept that the Qur'anic shares (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 2/3, 1/3 and 1/6) are entitlements which are not necessarily fixed in absolute amount, but which are fixed only in terms of ratio of one share to another. This concept would appear to accommodate the doctrine of awl as well as the Qur'anic injunctions.

My second comment is on the inheritance of the father and siblings.

As you have stated in your response, your interpretation of the Qur'anic inheritance verses allows the siblings (brothers and sisters) to inherit alongside the father. No other Muslim jurist since the revelation of these Qur'anic verses over 1400 years ago has come to the same interpretation as you. All the Muslim jurists unequivocally state that the father totally excludes all siblings. The evidence for this is to be found in the hadith narrated by AbdAllah Ibn Abbas (RA): The Prophet (SAWS) said, "Give the faraid (the shares of the inheritance that are prescribed in the Qur'an) to those who are entitled to receive it. Then whatever remains, should be given to the closest male relative of the deceased." (Agreed upon in Sahih Al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. Also reported by others.)

I have read your response very carefully and it would appear to me that you are convinced that your interpretation is more accurate concerning the inheritance amongst the siblings and father. You have stated regarding the decision of all the other Muslim jurists who are all agreed on this point:

However, in my opinion, this distribution seems to be in clear contradiction of the directive of Al-Nisaa 4:176. Therefore, in view of Al-Nisaa 4:176, I think the stated opinion of the respected jurists is not very accurate.

There are, of course, some other aspects of this subject where your view is at variance with all the other recognized Muslim jurists but I want to keep my comments short.

My third comment is on the importance and practical aspect of Islamic inheritance law.

The importance of this aspect of Islamic law is embodied in the Qur'anic verses 13 and 14 of Surah Al-Nisaa, i.e. the verses immediately following the inheritance verses 4:11-12.

These are limits (set by) Allah (or ordainments as regards laws of inheritance), and whosoever obeys Allah and His Messenger will be admitted to Gardens under which rivers flow (in Paradise), to abide therein, and that will be the great success. And whosoever disobeys Allah and His Messenger, and transgresses His limits, He will cast him into the Fire, to abide therein; and he shall have a disgraceful torment. (Qur'an 4:13-14)

These verses point out the practical importance of our discussion. The matter is very serious. If one has to divide the inheritance amongst say, a widow, two daughters, mother and father, is it not wiser to follow the views ascribed to Hadhrat Ali (RA) and Hadhrat Umar (RA) who applied the doctrine of awl? After all this practice has been followed by the very knowledgeable Muslim jurists for 1400 years.

Similarly, in a situation where there is competition for inheritance between siblings and father would it not be better to follow the unanimous decision of all the Muslim jurists of the past 1400 years in which the father totally excludes the siblings rather than your interpretation, which is clearly different from their?

Although, I acknowledge your depth of knowledge about Islam it is difficult for someone like me to apply your interpretation of the Qur'anic inheritance verses in a practical situation when your interpretation is radically different from every other Muslim jurist since the advent of Islam itself.

As you know it took many brilliant Muslim scholars including many companions of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS), who were amongst the best exegetes of the Qur'an to understand and expound the Islamic inheritance law. They had all the evidence available to them to formulate the Islamic inheritance law. The Islamic law of inheritance is a very finely balanced and intricately related system. If one disturbs even one component in such a system then one is likely to disrupt the whole system and face new problems, which one never envisaged.

I hope some Muslim scholars out there who are experts in this field of Islamic law will read our exchange and offer their expert opinion on this matter.

JazakAllah khair for your time and effort in answering my questions and all the other questions you answer on various other topics on your web site.

Wassalam, your brother in Islam,

Answer

May Allah guide me and all others to the path of His liking.

You write:

All the evidences that you have mentioned in rejection of the doctrine of awl must have been known to the Muslim jurists of the past.

Please excuse my saying so, but "must have been known" is pure conjecture. Either these objections 'were' known to the Muslim jurists of the past or they 'were not'. If the Muslim jurists knew these objections, they must have given an explanation to remove these objections. Then, we should concentrate on finding out what that explanation is. However, if they did not know them, no blame can be placed upon them, for after all, they were human beings.

You write:

Interesting enough the Sunni jurists almost unanimously accept the doctrine of awl. The doctrine of awl is based on the ijma` of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS).

It may be added to your statement that the doctrine of 'awl' is based on an interpretation of the Qur'an, according to which, God has said something to the effect that "The five brothers should get one-fourth each of the total inheritance[1]". Saying that 'The five brothers should get one-fourth each of the total inheritance', in mathematical terms is like saying:

1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 1

or that:

1/4 x 5 = 1

This, obviously, is a mathematical error. If this is not a mathematical error, then please tell me, what, in your opinion, would amount to a mathematical error? I assure you that we are so certain about it being a mathematical error that if a statement like 'distribute $100 in five brothers, in such a way that each of them gets one-third', was given by my son's mathematics teacher, I certainly would have thought that the man was not qualified to teach mathematics.

Thus, in my opinion, your complete statement should read as: "Although based on an interpretation of the Qur'an, which accepts a mathematical error in the Qur'an, yet, interesting enough, the Sunni jurists, almost unanimously accept the doctrine of awl."

This objection on the doctrine of awl is precisely what Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنه is reported to have said. Abu Bakr Al-Jassaas in his 'Ahkaam al-Qur'an' writes:

`Ataa ibn Abi Ribaah says: "I heard Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنه mention the shares of inheritance and [the concept of] awl in these shares. He said: 'Do you think that the One [i.e. God], Who has an accurate record of even the particles of sand, would distribute the shares of inheritance as 'one-half and one-half and one-third'? This one-half and that one-half would account for the whole. Now where would you give the remaining one-third?'." `Ataa says: "I said: 'What good would this be for you or me? Were you or I to die, our inheritance would be distributed in the same manner, which people have adopted and which is against our opinion'. At this, Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنه said: 'In that case, if they want, let us make ourselves present and they make themselves present and we call our families and they call their families and then pray that may God curse the liars. God has not distributed the shares of inheritance as 'one-half, one-half and one-third'."

This saying ascribed to Ibn Abbas رضي الله عنه should also clarify the situation regarding the commonly held opinion of 'ijma`' (consensus) of the companions of the Prophet (pbuh) on the doctrine of 'awl'. As should be obvious, the same sources that inform us of the consensus of the companions of the Prophet (pbuh) on the concept of 'awl', also inform us that there was a certain group of people, who did not agree with the interpretation of the Qur'an, which necessitated the application of the doctrine of 'awl'.

You write:

It would appear that the doctrine of awl rests on the concept that the Qur'anic shares (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 2/3, 1/3 and 1/6) are entitlements which are not necessarily fixed in absolute amount, but which are fixed only in terms of ratio of one share to another. This concept would appear to accommodate the doctrine of awl as well as the Qur'anic injunctions.

Please note the words of the Qur'an. While prescribing shares to the various relations the Qur'an in Al-Nisaa 4: 11 - 12 says:

Allah enjoins you about [the share of inheritance of] your children: A male's share shall equal that of two females - in case there are only daughters, more than two shall have two-thirds of what has been left behind. And if there be only one daughter, her share shall be half - and if the deceased has children, the parents shall inherit a sixth each, and if he has no children and the parents are his heirs then his mother shall receive a third, and if he has brothers and sisters then the mother's share is the same one-sixth. [These shares shall be distributed] after carrying out any will made by the deceased or payment of any debt owed by him (the deceased). You know not who among your children and your parents are nearest to you in benefit. This is the law of God. Indeed God is wise, all knowing.

"You shall get half of what your wives leave, if they die childless. But if they do have children, your share shall then be a quarter of what they leave after carrying out any will made by the deceased or payment of any debt owed by her. And they (your wives) shall have a quarter of what you leave, if you die childless. But in case you have children, they shall then get one-eighth of what you leave, after carrying out any will made by you or payment of any debt owed by you (the deceased)."

In these verses, if you look closely, you shall see that the shares have been mentioned in two separate styles. The shares of the children, if there are both sons and daughters, have been given as:

A male's share shall equal that of two females.

While the shares of the parents and spouse have been specified in ratios as: Consider the following style:

The parents shall inherit a sixth each;

If the deceased has no children and the parents are his heirs then his mother shall receive a third;

If the deceased has brothers and sisters then the mother's share is one-sixth;

You shall get half of what your wives leave, if they die childless;

If they have children, your share shall then be a quarter;

Your wives shall have a quarter of what you leave, if you die childless; and

In case you have children, your wives shall then get one-eighth.

It is quite clear that where the Qur'an wanted to stipulate the shares in relation to other shares, the first style was adopted, while where it desired to stipulate the shares as a fixed percentage of the total amount, the second style was adopted. Now, just like the fact that the statement 'each brother should get one-fourth' is not announcing that the relative shares of the brothers should be equal, but is actually stipulating the percentage of each share, the shares of other relations stipulated by the Qur'an are also assigning a fixed percentage for each relationship. The shares stipulated by the Qur'an can, in no way, be construed as "entitlements which are not necessarily fixed in absolute amount, but which are fixed only in terms of ratio of one share to another". This could only be said about the shares of the brothers and the sisters or sons and daughters, as is clear from the literary style in which the shares have been stipulated in these cases. There is, obviously, a tremendous difference in the statements:

Give all five brothers an equal share in the prize; and

Give all five brothers one-fourth of the prize.

The first statement is absolutely correct, while the second is absolutely incorrect. The first statement mentions each share relative to the other share, while the second statement mentions each share relative to the total prize. The two styles are, in no case interchangeable.

Now suppose, one were to construe that the second statement is only mentioning each brother's share relative to that of the other brothers, and thus were to distribute the prize equally among the brothers, would this be according to the directive in the statement? The statement says that each brother should get one-fourth, but what we would have for each brother is one-fifth each. No one can term this distribution to be in accordance with the directive in the second statement. The application of the doctrine of 'awl' faces exactly the same dilemma [2].

Regarding your second comment, I would only request you to explain the directive entailed in Al-Nisaa 4: 176, let me know what is its implication.

In your third comment, you write:

These verses point out the practical importance of our discussion. The matter is very serious. If one has to divide the inheritance amongst say, a widow, two daughters, mother and father, is it not wiser to follow the views ascribed to Hadhrat Ali (RA) and Hadhrat Umar (RA) who applied the doctrine of awl? After all this practice has been followed by the very knowledgeable Muslim jurists for 1400 years.

I fully agree with you. I have absolutely no reservations in submitting to the fact that the matter under consideration is, indeed, very serious. Nevertheless, I would request you to take a look at your cited verse once again. You have translated it as:

These are limits (set by) Allah (or ordainments as regards laws of inheritance), and whosoever obeys Allah and His Messenger will be admitted to Gardens under which rivers flow (in Paradise), to abide therein, and that will be the great success. And whosoever disobeys Allah and His Messenger, and transgresses His limits, He will cast him into the Fire, to abide therein; and he shall have a disgraceful torment. (Qur'an 4:13-14)

Please see the italicized and the underlined phrases. It should be quite obvious that in the cited verse God wants us to adhere to the directives of the Qur'an (Obedience to Allah and His messenger). I would like to remind you that the whole point of our discussion is 'what are the share stipulations of the Qur'an?'. Please note that I have tried to confine myself to the verses of the Qur'an, while you are consistently asking me to review my opinion in the light of the opinion ascribed to the companions of the Prophet (pbuh) and to Muslim jurists. I ask you and all my Muslim brethren, what, in your opinion, is the criteria of determining God's directives? Is it the words of the Qur'an or the interpretation of these words ascribed to the companions of the Prophet (pbuh) and the Muslim jurists? If the former is the case, then all interpretations, irrespective of who is presenting them, should be judged on this criterion. While, if the latter is the case, then my whole discussion is out of place. Not only that, then our claim of adherence to the Qur'an is also out of place, and then the fact that God has, Himself, secured the Qur'an from any and all adulterations is also of no use, for rather than the Qur'an, God should then have guaranteed keeping the opinion ascribed to the companions of the Prophet (pbuh), clear of all adulterations and mistakes.

My dear brother, I have presented the explanation of the law of inheritance of the Qur'an, which I hold to be correct, not on the basis of the person(s) who ascribe to this explanation, but on the basis of the words of the Qur'an. I would sincerely appreciate, if someone would take a look at my explanation, on merit, and let me know what is wrong with this explanation. I assure you, and God be witness on this, that if I someone can adequately explain the mistake in my explanation, I would not hesitate for even a minute in accepting and amending it. However, extremely sad as it is, all the criticism that I have yet received on my explanation is only to the effect that it is different from the generally held view. My answer to this is just that if what I have understood is truly what the Qur'an says, then the overwhelming numbers on the other side hold no importance in my eyes, whatsoever. And, on the other hand, if that is not what the Qur'an says, then may Allah give someone, from these overwhelming numbers, the knowledge and the ability to help me correct my understanding.

My dear brother, assuming that my explanation is incorrect, when I meet God, on the Day of Judgment, and He asks me why I differed from the 'generally held' interpretation, I would present the excuse that I only presented that, which I had honestly understood from the Qur'an. There was no one who took the pains of communicating my mistakes to me, no one who told me, where I had gone wrong. Every one just kept telling me that my explanation was 'different' from the 'generally held' view. I adhered to my understanding of Your book and ignored the 'generally held' view in relation to Your book. This is precisely what You had directed me to do. Therefore, please forgive me for my ignorance and for my inability to find coherence in the directives of Your book and the 'generally held' opinion.

Now, however unlikely it may sound, for a moment, let us assume that my explanation is correct. What excuse would you have before God, when He asks you why you did not consider my explanation on pure merit? I must remind you, my brother, that what I am presenting is not merely an opinion, it is my understanding of the words of the Qur'an. Please give it the attention that it deserves. Reject it, if you feel that it is incorrect, but at least reject it on merit, not merely on the grounds that it is against the 'generally held' view.
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[1] According to the interpretation of the Muslim jurists, the Qur'an says: give the two daughters of the deceased one-third each of the total, the parents of the deceased one-sixth each of the total and the wife of the deceased one-eighth of the total inheritance. Stated in arithmetic terms, this interpretation implies that the Qur'an has said: 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/8 is less than or equal to 'one'.

[2] Consider the distribution of shares in case the inheritors are: 1) a wife, 2) father, 3) mother and 4) two daughters. The shares stipulated in the Qur'an in such a case are: one-eighth, one-sixth, one-sixth and two-thirds respectively. However, applying the doctrine of awl, the shares would amount to:

Wife inherits 1/9 (was supposed to get one-eighth)

Father inherits 4/27 (was supposed to get one-sixth)

Mother inherits 4/27 (was supposed to get one-sixth)

2 daughters inherit 16/27 equally (were supposed to get two-thirds)

Is this what the Qur'an had directed?
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Insha'Allah, will respond to this soon...
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